Ever since 1889, when Otto von Bismarck, Prussia's 'Iron Chancellor', introduced the first (0) state pension (государственная пенсия) , peoplehave increasingly looked to government to provide (1) pension payments (пенсионныевыплаты) , health care and protection against poverty —which together are broadly called (2) social insurance (социальноестрахование).Britain was the first country inthe world to have accepted that it is part of the job of government tohelp any citizen in need and to have set up a (3) welfare state (государство всеобщегоблагосостояния). Before the 20th century, (4) welfare (благосостояние) was considered to be the responsibilityof local communities. The 'care' provided was often very poor. Anespecially hated institution in the 19th century was the workhouse,where (5) the old (старые) , (6) ill (больные) , mentallyhandicapped and orphans were sent. People were often treated very badlyin workhouses, or given as slaves to equally harsh (7) employers (работодатели). Duringthe first half of the 20th century a number of (8) social benefits (социальныельготы) were introduced. These were a small old-agedpension scheme, partial sickness and (9) a dole (пособие побезработице) conditional on regular (10) dues (взносы) and proof of need. In 1948 the National HealthService was set up.